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E-COMMERCE PROMOTING THE URBAN INFORMIZATION E-COMMERCE PROMOTING THE URBAN INFORMIZATION ×÷ÕߣºÁõÉÙ»ª ÁÖìºÑï Generally, every technology innovation will more or less bring the new possibility for economic activities and management, enhancing the working efficiency and improving the economic development. The invention of Telephone and Facsimile machine greatly speeds up the information transfer speed, on the basis of which, with the computer application in business, a systematic, formative and automatic business data processing practically becomes possible. Finally, the employment of network technology connects the computer terminates from different units and areas, the sharing of information coming into reality. 1£®Analyzing the role of E-commerce The participants of commercial activities include Business, Government and Consumer. Electronic commerce not only is an economic activity with Business, Government and Consumer involved, but also plays a managing role inside Business units or Government. For example, advertisement, negotiation, contract, payment, transportation and after-sale services are B to B activities; while the license application, customs clearance, duties declaration, industrial and commercial register, annual authentication, and numerical statement are B to G ones. The G to G behavior involves the confirmation of Import and Export license by the Customs, or the check -up of Business License by the Tax Bureau, while the B to C activity engages in consuming, purchasing, advertising or marketing survey. The program of E-commerce will contribute to the electronic operation on the above fields and its development relies on the efforts by the above participants, that is, the refreshment and improvement on idea, technology and management. Government is not only the direct participant in the E-commerce projects, but also a director, so its role is particularly important. On one hand, each department of Government must establish appropriate policies, and bring its computerization and informization process up to speed with the demand of modern commercial activities. Otherwise, it will turn to be one of the obstacles to the demand of high efficiency and invalid in its function when E-commerce ages coming. On the other hand, it is Government¡¯s responsibility to provide a well-support environment, with full system of basic network facilities, policies, laws and standards, to the E-commerce development. 2£®Pilot Projects of E-commerce in Xiamen In the recent years, leaders of Xiamen have paid great attention to the city E-commerce project, repeatedly emphasizing on the paperless trade being put into effect. In 1999, Xiamen E-commerce system, as a newly developing program, was listed as a key project of infrastructures. Permitted by the National Information Office, Xiamen became a pilot city of E-commerce program. The first phase of Xiamen E-commerce System, as one of the key projects of Xiamen Information Port, is centered on the construction plan approved by National Information Office, with the Import and Export business as a backbone. Accompanied by the construction of National Financial and Tax Network ¡ª Golden Trade Net, it has accomplished the intra- and inter- network among related government branches, which realize the sharing of information, enhance the working efficiency, improve the investment environment and promote the city ¡¯s comprehensive competitive ability. During this period, developing the ¡°G to G¡± and ¡°G to B¡± E-commerce is the major purpose. The second phase will focus on the software supported, such as the related laws and policies. It will foster more enterprises to carry on B to B E-commerce and call the public initiatives to online -shopping, putting the Ecommerce into a sound and well development. The Goal and Content of Xiamen as an E-commerce Pilot City Goal: Seeking the managing system and operating system for a central city in developing Electronic Commerce. Content: 1£© Based on the EDI technology and cooperation mode with the business processing systems of the related economic departments, to implement the electronic data-processing system in the fields of Customs Clearance, Industrial and Business Administration, Financial and Tax Administration, Foreign Exchange Administration and Statistic Information Management. And to set up the network between Golden Trade Net and local financial and tax branches to enhance the working efficiency. 2£© Set up a uniform user agency to avoid repeated construction. To make it possible for enterprises to join, as a group user, the E-commerce webs indoors and abroad, so as to help small and medium business to develop their E -commerce activities with a lower starting cost. 3£© Adapt to the marketing economy, to set up the Xiamen E-commerce Center by fund raising from the market. Starting plan: Firstly, regional E-commerce Centers will be set up to connect the different managing departments of trade, port, finance, industry, tax, treasury, statistic, and so on, thus, enhancing the working efficiency and managing level by their mutual electronic-data transfer. Secondly, standardize the procedure and policies of integrated and cross-operation. With the EDI technology and through the E-commerce Center, the data from different EDP systems of different units can be updated synchronously to guarantee their identity and realize the mutual audit and united supervision among the units. Thirdly, with the Government leading, planning, organizing, standardizing, and funding on its early stage, the E-commerce Center will practically operate to the demand of market and be, in the long term, a profitable project by the income of services. Features: 1£© Integration Since most of the present application systems are individual network among government branches or business, which lack standardization and communication, so cause much repeated construction and waste of resources. Now, the E-commerce Center is a uniform system to connect all the present Government and Business networks and achieves what several systems originally did. In this way, it makes full use of resources and brings about great convenience to the Business. 2£© Cooperation The original platforms, set up respectively by different units, are so various that make it difficult to realize the sharing of information and effective co-operation. Now, with integration and optimization of each unit, both can be achieved. That means, without affecting the functions of original systems, by standardizing and developing the interface units, with the EDI mode, data from different platforms of different systems can be freely transferred through the E-commerce Center. In this way, not only the original systems can be normally run without being abandoned, but also the sharing of information can be realized. Cooperation comes to its meaning. For example, the business register information will be stored in the database of Industrial and Commercial Bureau, which can be used, at the same time, by the Customs, statistic or tax departments. Every time, when the information is updated by the Industrial and Commercial Bureau, such as business changing the name, the information transferred by other departments can be updated synchronously. With the application, there is no need for the business to go over all the trivial procedure from one department to another. It can assure that the data of one business recorded by different departments are identical and prevent the use of fake business license as well. 3£© Security and Efficiency The E-commerce Center connects with related government and business networks to form an Ecommerce platform, that is, a value -added network(VAN), which is connected to Internet through the protection of multi-level firewalls. With some up-to -date security measures and the data storage, a security architecture is developed to support the E-commerce initiatives and data access. The users, with a membership, can login only after strict status identification, while the government participants can only consult the database according to their different managerial roles and privileges. Under the present circumstance that Internet security technique is still immature, the application of VAN will contribute to a more safe, reliable and efficient co -operation. 4£© Marketing Mode Unlike the previous information projects, which were running with government leading and financing, the E-commerce Center devotes to the informization of government services, providing value-added services, such as transmission of information, to earn a profit from investment. In this way, it can be built with fund raising from market and release the government financial burden. 3. Idea of Xiamen E-commerce Center The construction plan of Xiamen E-commerce Center based on the following understanding: 1£© Xiamen is a city with import and export business in the leading position. Import and Export business consist of several components and the lag of each one will definitely restrain its efficiency. So, base on the full consideration, the construction of Xiamen E -commerce Center will commit itself to the promotion of working efficiency and the improvement of investment environment. 2£© The informization of both Government and Business is essential since it is the prerequisite of further development of E-commerce. First to seek the solutions of the data interchange between Government and Business will greatly improve the informization of both Government and Business. 3£© After a decade long development, the domestic EDI technology has taken shape and there is also much successful experience in foreign countries ready for our reference. During the first-stage of setting up the Xiamen E-commerce Center, EDI technology is employed for data interchange between local government and business, since their partners are basically fixed and data flow is always of large quantity; both are especially suitable for EDI application. 4£© Under the condition that the security system and quality of services of Internet have not been well guaranteed, the temporary employment of VAN and membership system not only will benefit the future solution of both above problems, but also will not charge the users too much communication fee; since it is local available. However, how to perfectly connect the VAN with Internet in future must be fully considered when design. 5£© When developing E-commerce program, neither the Government¡¯s function nor the public initiatives can be neglected. On one hand, Government should emphasize on developing G to G and G to B E-commerce and establishing appropriate policies, guidelines, standards, notarization, and arbitration to support a sound development of E-commerce. On the other hand, the B to B and B to C E-commerce should be more dependent on market and public initiatives. 6£© To develop B to B and B to C E-commerce program, many factors, such as the maturity of market and the local environment, must be comprehensively considered. Some large-scale projects, like CA authentication Center, not only require large amount of investment, but also need a unified planning and unified standard published by the Nation. So, they ought to be determined after a further demonstration. 7£© Before an ideal supporting environment and electronic payment can be achieved, it is good to launch some pilot services such as on-line advertisement, information access, after-sale service, online information service and petty payment. 8£© The goal of real paperless operation can be reached only after the buildup of a law system, the overall application of computers, the guarantee of security techniques and operation standards and the standardization of related documents. However, in the present time, with multi -parts agreement taken place of law system, certain pilot services can be carried out. A NEW DATA MODEL FOR XML DATABASES by:Richard Ho, Li Bai and David Elliman public:School of Computer & IT, Nottingham University, UK With the fast development of Internet technology, large volumes of data in the form of electronic documents from the Web. For the purposes of data integration and data exchange, more and more existing sources, such as relational databases, support public XML export, and increasing amount of public and private data is described in a semi-structured way. A number of issues need to be addressed when we integrate data from different sources, including heterogeneous and duplicate data, multiple divisions and partners, and changes. Data heterogeneity results from the use of different information management systems to store data and each system has its own data structure and access methods. Relational database management systems benefit from the universal acceptance of Structured Query Language (SQL) as the primary means of getting answers whilst document and email repositories are generally accessed using text search engines with varying interfaces and capabilities. Because these systems were not designed with interoperability in mind, each must generally be accessed using source-specific applications or application programming interfaces (APIs). Another difficulty in data integration is data duplication-different systems represent the same piece of data in different ways. For example, customers may be identified by name in one database, but by account number in a second repository, may identify the same customer by email address. Frequently a required piece of information is derived from multiple data points. Data integration is further complicated when customers do business with multiple divisions within a large company, or with other partners. Similarly, answering questions about the state of a company's supply chain requires access to vendor and distributor information sources. Doing business electronically across the firewall gives rise to security and data ownership issues. Finally, data integration has to deal with different types of changes; change in business requirements and strategies, in IT systems, mergers and acquisitions, and new product launches. This demands that a data integration solution be sufficiently flexible and adaptable. One possible solution for the data integration problems mentioned above is to provide an XML Web services break down the barriers between different computing platforms, development environments and communications networks, allowing organizations to work together electronically without the expense and delay of agreeing on semantics, schema, interfaces, and other application integration. XML provides the flexibility for handling data with differing structures. As XML is becoming the principal medium for data exchange over the Web and for information integration in general, increasing amounts of public and private data are described in XML. XML data is usually defined in a tree or graph based, self-describing object instance model (Boncz and Kersten, 1999). However, semi-structured data is incompatible with the flat structure of relational database tables, and so the growth of XML data requires new and complex query optimization techniques.    Êղؠ  ·ÖÏí   ¶¥(0)